Glycoprotein Definition and Function

Glycoprotein Definition and Function A glycoprotein is a type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it. The process either occurs during protein translation or as a posttranslational modification in a process called glycosylation. The carbohydrate is an oligosaccharide chain (glycan) that is covalently bonded to the polypeptide side chains of the protein. Because of the -OH groups of sugars, glycoproteins are more hydrophilic than simple proteins. This means glycoproteins are more attracted to water than ordinary proteins. The hydrophilic nature of the molecule also leads to the characteristic folding of the proteins tertiary structure. The carbohydrate is a short molecule, often branched, and may consist of: simple sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose)amino sugars (sugars that have an amino group, such as N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine)acidic sugars (sugars that have a carboxyl group, such as sialic acid or N-acetylneuraminic acid) O-Linked and N-Linked Glycoproteins Glycoproteins are categorized according to the attachment site of the carbohydrate to an amino acid in the protein. O-linked glycoproteins are ones in which the carbohydrate bonds to the oxygen atom (O) of the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the R group of either the amino acid threonine or serine. O-linked carbohydrates may also bond to hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline. The process is termed O-glycosylation. O-linked glycoproteins are bound to sugar within the Golgi complex.N-linked glycoproteins have a carbohydrate bonded to the nitrogen (N) of the  amino group (-NH2) of the R group of the amino acid asparagine. The R group is usually the amide side chain of asparagine. The bonding process is called N-glycosylation. N-linked glycoproteins gain their sugar from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and then are transported to the Golgi complex for modification. While O-linked and N-linked glycoproteins are the most common forms, other connections are also possible: P-glycosylation occurs when the sugar attaches to the phosphorus of phosphoserine.C-glycosylation is when the sugar attaches to the carbon atom of amino acid. An example is when the sugar mannose bonds to the carbon in tryptophan.Glypiation is when a  glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipid attaches to the carbon terminus of a polypeptide. Glycoprotein Examples and Functions Glycoproteins function in the structure, reproduction, immune system, hormones, and protection of cells and organisms. Glycoproteins are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Their hydrophilic nature allows them to function in the aqueous environment, where they act in cell-cell recognition and binding of other molecules. Cell surface glycoproteins are also important for cross-linking cells and proteins (e.g., collagen) to add strength and stability to a tissue. Glycoproteins in plant cells are what allows plants to stand upright against the force of gravity. Glycosylated proteins are not just critical for  intercellular communication. They also help organ systems communicate with each other. Glycoproteins are found in brain gray matter, where they work together with axons and synaptosomes. Hormones  may be glycoproteins. Examples include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and erythropoietin (EPO). Blood clotting depends on the glycoproteins prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Cell markers may be glycoproteins. The MN blood groups are due to two polymorphic forms of the glycoprotein glycophorin A. The two forms differ only by two amino acid residues, yet that is enough to cause problems for persons receiving an organ donated by someone with a different blood group. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and H antigen of the ABO blood group are distinguished by glycosylated proteins. Glycophorin A is also important because its the attachment site for Plasmodium falciparum, a human blood parasite. Glycoproteins are important for reproduction because they allow for the binding of the sperm cell to the surface of the egg. Mucins are glycoproteins found in mucus. The molecules protect sensitive epithelial surfaces, including the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts. The immune response relies on glycoproteins. The carbohydrate of antibodies (which are glycoproteins) determines the specific antigen it can bind. B cells and T cells have surface glycoproteins which bind antigens, as well. Glycosylation Versus Glycation Glycoproteins get their sugar from an enzymatic process that forms a molecule that would not function otherwise. Another process, called glycation, covalently bonds sugars to proteins and lipids. Glycation is not an enzymatic process. Often, glycation reduces or negates the function of the affected molecule. Glycation naturally occurs during aging and is accelerated in diabetic patients with high glucose levels in their blood. References and Suggested Reading Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer (2002).  Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company: New York. 5th edition: pg. 306-309.Ivatt, Raymond J. (1984)  The Biology of Glycoproteins. Plenum Press: New York.

The Bio-Ecological Model of Human Development Research Paper

The Bio-Ecological Model of Human Development - Research Paper Example It is a model that traces the development of an individual throughout the life course of an individual. It is with this genesis that a summary of the four systems and their influence on the development of a child will be evaluated. Consequently, the differences existing in the model with be delineated and the factors outside the model that influence that development of a child discussed. Moreover, the relationship and interactions of the systems will be delineated in bid to address the impact of the relationships in the development of a child. The Bio-ecological model and its related research designs is an evolving theoretical system for the scientific study of human development from the perspective of individuals and groups. This paper will be aimed at addressing the thesis statement: Bioecological model has a significant role in a child’s development (Berns, 2009). Summary of the Four Systems and the Influences that they have on a Child’s Development To place the bioe cological theory of human development in its wider context, it is important to note that many of the perspectives postulated as a body of the theory are integral parts of other relevant thoughts on empirical enquiry into the concept of human development. ... lly its interdisciplinary and integrative approach to development through the age periods of childhood and adolescence is important in formulation of policies and programs necessary in promoting youth and family development. The bioecological model aims at unifying the research studies that have been conducted and affirms that the development of an individual is influenced by four ecological systems. This includes: macrosystem, microsystem, mesosystem and exosystem. These four systems interact in a manner that shapes the development of an individual throughout the life course. These systems work in harmony in shaping the intra-individuality of a child, depending on the contexts in which the child is exposed to. In order to garner an in depth understanding of the bioecological model, each system will be reviewed and its influence on child development explained in bid to address the thesis that the bioecological system influences the development of a child (Bronfenbrenner, & Morris, 20 06). Microsystem: is the initial context (primary) which the child is exposed to at the first stages of his development. It entails the interpersonal relationships that the child experiences during development as the child interacts with the social and physical aspects of context. The microsystem is the layer closest to the child encompassing all the structures in direct contact with the child. It therefore defines the relationships and interactions that a child develops within its immediate surroundings. These factors either enhance or inhibit the development of the child. Being the initial development environment, it also influences the development of the child in other subsequent environments. The micro environment includes the child’s family, school, peers and religious activities

Factor influencing the consumers' intention to purchase online the Essay

Factor influencing the consumers' intention to purchase online the retail industry in Thailand perspective - Essay Example Shopping in the digital marketplaces has given rise to a new dimension to many businesses (Demangeot and Broderick, 2007). The method and pattern of online shopping is way different from the traditional approach of shopping. The difference in online and non online business transactions generates maximum impact on consumers, thus it is important to analyze consumers online buying decisions. E-commerce shows that this business pattern does not abide by the rules of traditional consumer behavior. Thus, it becomes an important task for all the internet retail firms to evaluate the factors that determine the consumer purchase decisions in the online markets. With the help of knowledge of such a research, the online retail business firms would be able to formulate efficient strategies by which they would be able to attract potential customers in the e-markets. In the habitual business dealings, the buyers are physically present at the time of purchases. They empirically observe the final g oods or services before they actually make the purchase decisions. However, in the course of online purchases, the buyers are only able to see the products virtually in the web pages. Thus, the distinguishing aspect of online purchase decisions provides high enthusiasm to the sellers, who desire to understand whether such modes of business would affect them positively or adversely. The literature review depicts the various empirical and theoretical studies that focus on the consumer purchase intensions in the online retail markets. It is found by Goldsmith and Goldsmith in 2002 that most of the individuals who have used internet facility to shop have trust in the process. The consumers who make purchases over the internet are generally more risky lovers that the consumers who avoid online transactions (Donthu, 1999). In the modern era online retailers have found ways to gain customer loyalty in their business transactions (Papadopoulou et al., 2001). Problems regarding security are primary, when it comes to online selling. If this problem is eliminated then most of the consumers are estimated to go for online dealings (Udo, 2001). It is believed that online business would improve if the businesses firms can make consumers believe that their websites are protected (Fenech and O’Cass, 2001). It is empirically found that the Thai consumers are highly attracted to such new modes of shopping destinations. Thus, at this juncture it is rational to study the underlying factors that determine the online purchase intensions of the Thai customers. 1.2 Rational The research aims to analyze the consumer behaviour of Thailand at the stand of online purchases. The study will focus in the consumers of Thailand altogether, it will include the ones who make online purchases and also include the ones who never go to the digital market places. The underlying motivating factor for this research work is the massive population strength of Thailand, which accounts for almost 6 7 million. In 2011 it has been estimated that the percentage of internet users have increased to almost 27.4% in Thailand. The total number of internet users was 2300000 in 2000, which increased to approximately 178310000 in 2001. Moreover, it is also estimated that the aggregate rise in internet usage has augmented by almost 660.3%

Participative Management Essay Example for Free

Participative Management Essay Participative Management (A Critical Study) Assignment Advanced Management COURSE CODE:-EM-517 Prepared for Mr. Muhammad Mohiuddin Professor Department of Management Studies University of Dhaka Date of Submission: July 30, 2012 Acknowledgement At first I desire to express my deepest sense of gratitude to almighty God. With profound regard I gratefully acknowledge our respected course teacher Mr. Muhammad Mohiuddin for his generous help and suggestion during preparation of the report. I would like to give thanks especially to my friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and helps during the preparation of this assignment by sharing ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in proofreading this manuscript. Sincerely yours, Siddhartha Bhowmik ID: 03-10-19-056

Their Eyes Were Watching God: Summary Essay -- essays research papers

Their Eyes Were Watching God: Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A caterpillar crawls along a desolate branch. His many appendages grip the gray bark as he undulates his body along the path in the shade. Creeping steadily forward he is looking for the proper place suitable enough for him to change his identity. Upon finding a twig sprout where he can get bilateral support, he builds his cocoon. After his cocoon is finished the caterpillar crawls in for his metamorphosis. If one is to see a cocoon on a tree it does not resemble beauty, it is a bland piece of wound thread like material with a hole in the top. When one sees a butterfly they may look twice or stop what they are doing all together and chase it around following each of their sporadic movements as the hot sun illuminates and watches from above. Identity has changed. What once was a little ugly caterpillar that kids would go around squishing and people would flick from trees when given the chance, went on to be an ignored sack secured to branch. Nobody pays attention to the fact that beautiful butterflies are the results of these common eyesores. As the caterpillar grew older it matured and changed, from being stuck on land to airborne, from being ugly to beautiful, from being young to old. All living things mature, all things change, wherever time is a variable identities are changing. Janie is no different from these things, she too has a changing identity that can be traced throughout four...

Changmai Corporation Essay

1. What reasoning should McLeod apply to try and handle the dilemmas he is facing? Due to McLeod is a highly qualified engineer and had a wide experience gained in some of the most sophisticated pulp mills in the world, he believed that using Western standards is always only correct way. However, it seems not suitable in every country. The based ask from McLeod is to protect safety for employees, which is good, but by announced human right and ensured into contract don’t work in this area. People working in Asia are more respect strong sense of family not individual right. Based on this culture sense, McLeod could start on building relationship and imposing how important to execute safety process such as employees are property, if they get hurt, the construction will be delay. According to cultural difference, word by word in contract is not good way to enforce Asia contractors to follow. McLeod should be flexible about how to balance western standards and eastern standards. 2. How do you think Bailey’s CEO, Mr. Hartford, should respond to Bailey’s predicament? Since American is obviously not allow bribe and corruption and Mr. Hartford has always been in the press about the decline of moral values in business, he might reply Bailey it is unaccepted for special budget. However, when you work in different country, it is possible to follow their standards. In this case, if Bailey wants to make sure it is not behind schedule and the mill can be finished as soon as possible, this special reliable service tax should be paid. This is a challenge for multinational corporations to keep their own standard value or adjust to host country’s standard value. 3. What is your reaction to the debate presented in the final paragraphs? I totally agree with the Frenchman, Thierry Dupont, said that â€Å"With 13 per cent unemployment in France, anyone who creates jobs is a hero.† Corruption is everywhere but present in different form and meaning. There is no one standard for every country. Western people are announced human right and they do what they want. It spreads social problems such as dug and violence. Eastern people are hierarchical oriented and they value relationship with group not individual performance. On the other hand, their corruption and pressure from good relationship around are more than western. Everything has two sides; I would like to say it is all right for each country’s standards.

Bipolar Disorder And Its Effects On Children - 2651 Words

Abstract Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder which unfortunately affects many individuals, causing unusual shifts in behaviors and moods, alterations in energy and activity levels, as well as dysfunction in the ability to perform day-to-day activities. This disorder can even be the cause of many broken relationships and the development of other mental health illnesses. In the literature review provided, the writer will explore Bipolar Disorder as a mental illness, specifically diagnosed in adults. The paper will entail information regarding contributing factors of the illness, treatment options and therapeutic models to treat the disorder, and will discuss the effects on children of parents with bipolar disorder. Additionally, the writer will reflect on a certain gap in current and past research and will provide a discussion of implications for future social work practice with this specific population. Keywords: bipolar disorder, manic-depressive illness, brain disorder, bipolar affect ive disorder, affective psychosis, hypomania Literature Review: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder impacts roughly 5.7 million adults in the United States (DBSA, 2000). This illness causes individuals to experience drastic spikes and shifts in their mood. There are stages where people may feel a sense of isolation or hopelessness, which is often referred to as a â€Å"depressive episode† (NIMH, 2011). The other peak stage those with bipolar disorder may experience is anShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On Children1247 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness is a brain disorder that can affect one’s mood and ability to complete tasks. Bipolar disorder in children is under studied for many reasons. These include, lack of awareness and the difference in the disease seen in adults and children that can make it difficult to continue studies. Bipolar disorder has not been well studied despite harmful effects on growth and development in a child. As the child grows up, bipolar disorder mayRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effect On Children3715 Words   |  15 Pages Bipolar disorder is typically a condition that affects people in their late teens and early adulthood. It is usually not thought to affect a child but it is something that, if present at a young age, can seriously affect the way a child grows up. Bipolar disorder affects every aspect of a person’s life and is not as understood as it should be. Researchers are still looking for the cause of this illness and how it can be treated but overall it is a condition that many people are undereducated onRead MoreThe Effects of Bipolar Disorder on Children and Their Families1778 Words   |  8 Pagesand these mood changes have been identified as disorders. One example, bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the oldest known diseases. 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As bipolar disorder is a neurological disorder that causes drastic shifts in mood, abruptRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Human Mind987 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that has many effects on the human body and mind. It’s found in young adults and children as well. Statistics show that the disorder affects about four million people in the United States and is becoming one of the most common disabilities in the United States today. People with bipolar disorder undergo two types of mood swings: depression and mania. Those two are then divided into subcategories: Bipolar 1 Disorder, Bipolar 2 Disorder , and Cylothymia. This paperRead MoreThe Relationship Between Bipolar Disorders And Emotion1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship Between Bipolar Disorders and Emotion Bipolar Disorder is a common topic talked about in society. Bipolar Disorder is associated with many symptoms that have an effect on the body. According to Facts (1998) at least two million Americans suffer from bipolar disorders. Sufferers that have bipolar disorders may have visited many doctors and spend at least 8 years or more with their doctor in order to receive the correct treatment for their disorder (Facts 1998). This paper will analyzeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1572 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Bipolar disorder has had a large history full of misunderstandings, wrongful treatments and stigma surrounding the illness. Bipolar, formerly called manic depression causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania) and lows (depression). (Mayo 1998) When you become depressed you may feel sad, vulnerable and anxious. When you experience mania you will become overly joyful or full of energy, making the crash back to depression that much harder. According to A ShortRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Psychological Disorder1293 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar disorder is a psychological disorder in which a person alternates between being depressed to extremely happy and being cross or irritable. Bipolar disorder is also known manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder can cause shifts in energy, mood and activity level. This disorder can cause damage up to many things like relationships, jobs, school performance and even suicide. There are many treatments to bipolar disorder for those that have or are being affected. Bipolar Disorder BipolarRead MoreEarly Onset Of The Disorder952 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar, or manic-depression, is a mood disorder that is typically diagnosed during mid teenage years to early adulthood. Many people believe that mid teen years are the earliest a diagnosis can be made, however the disorder can be diagnosed in early childhood. Early onset of the disorder is often much more severe, and is harder to treat. The possible causes for early onset are similar to those of late onset. Symptoms are also similar, however those in early onset can be more serious. DiagnosisRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment854 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical condition known as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is when a person suffers from severe shifts in mood and energy. In most cases, bipolar disorder can be treated and people with the illness can live normal and productive lives with the help of medication and or therapy. Aiken, C. (2010). Family Experiences of Bipolar Disorder: The Ups, the Downs and the Bits in Between. Retrieved from Ebsco Host. In this book the author discusses her own dealings with Bipolar Disorder. She goes on to say how